分散式风电多点接入协调优化控制策略

针对分散式风电机组并网导致的配电网网损增加、电压稳定性降低等问题,文章提出一种分散式风电并网多点协调双层控制策略。首先,分析了分散式风电多点接入特性,研究分散式风电多点接入后的网损、电压分布和功率因数的关系,并提出最小网损和电压偏差为目标的双层优化控制策略。最后,基于IEEE-33节点进行仿真计算,结果表明,所提多点协调控制策略能够有效降低配电网网损和提升母线电压水平,增加系统的稳定性。与超前功率因数相比,滞后的功率因数能够增大风能消纳能力,提高供电可靠性,减少电压偏移水平。     

不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂综述

应力腐蚀开裂一直以来是不锈钢领域的重要研究课题,也是许多行业亟需解决的工程问题。应力腐蚀开裂是材料、环境和应力三者相互作用的结果,由于其复杂性,目前人们对不锈钢发生应力腐蚀开裂的机理尚存在许多不同的见解,但是经过近一个世纪的研究,从材料选择、环境控制等方面入手,预防不锈钢发生应力腐蚀是能够达到的。综述了应力腐蚀开裂的特征、机理和三个影响因素(应力、材料和环境)。对应力腐蚀的阳极溶解机理和氢致开裂机理进行了概述,阐述并探讨了不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的滑移溶解机理、氧化膜开裂机理以及氢致开裂机理。归纳了组织结构对不锈钢应力腐蚀的影响,分析了材料成分如(Ni、Mo和N)的添加与应力腐蚀敏感性的关系,总结了环境因素在应力腐蚀中的作用,对特定介质中不锈钢的应力腐蚀规律进行了归纳,并探讨了温度变化对不锈钢应力腐蚀的影响。介绍了近年来关于控制不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂方法的研究进展,如晶界工程、细化晶粒以及涂层等。最后展望了不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂未来的研究方向。     

氧化物陶瓷阻氚涂层的研究进展

利用阻氚涂层(TPB)降低结构材料中的氚损失,是聚变堆发展中的热点研究之一。陶瓷具有低氚渗透性、耐腐蚀性、高硬度和高热稳定性等特性,是目前聚变堆阻氚涂层首选材料。相对于硅化物、钛基等非氧化物陶瓷材料,氧化物陶瓷涂层具有熔点高、化学性质稳定、耐腐蚀性和阻氚渗透因子(PRF)高等优势,因此针对氧化物陶瓷阻氚涂层的研究较多。主要综述了单一氧化物陶瓷、复合氧化物陶瓷阻氚涂层近年来的研究现状与发展,如Y2O3、Er2O3、Al2O3等及其复合氧化物陶瓷材料,其中,因Al2O3及其复合物涂层具有优异的阻氚性能,得到了广泛的关注和研究。重点阐述了制备工艺、基体效应和辐照等影响氧化物陶瓷涂层阻氚性能的因素及氚在材料中的渗透机制,并分析了当前阻氚涂层在材料制备以及模拟服役环境等方面存在的不足与今后的研究重点,指出了未来可能的氧化物陶瓷阻氚涂层,以期为阻氚涂层的研究与后续实验提供一定的方向。     

我国矿业海外直接投资区位分布与空间经济效应研究——以世界主要经济体为例

以我国矿业对世界主要经济体直接投资为例, 基于2009~2018年投资存量数据, 在多区域结构分析框架下, 运用投资多样性指数、动态时空模型、灰色系统预测模型分别对投资区位分布特征、空间经济效应以及未来分布趋势进行了研究。结果显示: ① 2009~2018年, 我国矿业对世界主要经济体直接投资区位分布呈现出“由高度集中转向渐进扩散”“高者仍高、低者仍低”的集团俱乐部式时空分布特征;② 投资区位分布受到了来自于其他国家(地区)全局效应和相邻效应的影响;③ 2019~2020年, 在空间经济效应作用下, 投资渐进扩散趋势仍将持续, 集团俱乐部式分布有所减弱;我国矿业对欧盟、俄罗斯联邦、东盟、美国的投资机会及热度将有所增加。依据研究结果, 提出了我国矿业海外直接投资的启示及建议。     

TA18钛合金管材织构对环向拉伸性能的影响

利用织构增强原理,开发出了TA18(Ti-3Al-2.5V)钛合金860 MPa级高强度管材,保证了管材的工艺性能,同时又具有优异的力学服役性能。标准规定反映径向织构的管材收缩应变比(CSR)大于1.3,但对上限值未作规定。本研究设计出小管径的环向拉伸夹具,测试了不同CSR管材的环向拉伸力学性能,分析织构对环向抗拉强度的影响,发现存在一个最有利的CSR值为1.75,大于或小于该CSR值时都会导致管材环向屈服强度下降。进一步测定了对应管材的极图和ODF图,从微观结构上可以解释这一规律和本质。环向抗拉强度下降会引起液压系统工作时疲劳强度降低,CSR值的上限在工艺设计时应当加以控制。本研究对发展安全可靠的航空液压系统具有十分重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。     

Quantitative analysis of fuel-saving potential for waste heat recovery system integrated with hybrid electric vehicle

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) with low fuel consumption, low emissions, and long driving range are the ideal transition models between conventional fuel vehicles and pure electric vehicles. The growing demand for increased vehicle efficiency has motivated the introduction of waste heat recovery (WHR) technology in the automotive industry, with the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) as the most promising measure for recycling waste energy. Currently, only a few studies have been conducted to couple HEV and WHR systems. These studies have mainly focused on the hybrid powertrain control strategy, but lack quantitative methods to comprehensively analyze the fuel-saving potential due to the WHR system. In this study, an HEV-WHR integrated system that includes a mechanism-based dynamic model of ORC and a hybrid diesel-electric truck model is established. Further, a quantitative evaluation method that simultaneously considers the negative integrated effects (increased vehicle weight and increased exhaust back pressure) and the positive impact values of the engine, motor, and WHR system on the fuel-saving potential is proposed. Finally, the influence of two environmental factors (wind speed and ambient temperature) on the fuel-saving performance is analyzed. The results reveal that under the standard highway driving cycle (HWY), the negative integrated effects reduce the ideal fuel-saving potential of the HEV-WHR system from 6.10% to 5.42%. However, the optimized performances of the engine, motor, and WHR system improve the fuel-saving rate by 0.39%, 1.81%, and 3.22%, respectively. The results also indicate that the fuel-saving potential increases from 1.62% to 8.60% with increasing wind speed and decreases from 6.70% to 4.25% with increasing ambient temperature.     

Economic growth through entrepreneurship: Determinants of self-employed income across regional economies

Knowledge of the determinants of self-employment income is critical to entrepreneurial development strategies if the development goal is to increase incomes not just employment. Using American Community Survey data, unconditional quantile regression is used to investigate differences in the relationship between entrepreneurial income and an array of individual, industry, and regional characteristics across the self-employment income distribution. Personal attributes, such as education, race, age, and gender, both explain differences in self-employment income and vary in importance across the income distribution. Regional agglomerative effects are significantly positive and stronger at the upper end of the self-employed income distribution.     

Evaluating the role of resilience in reducing economic losses from disasters: A multi-regional analysis of a seaport disruption

Models to estimate economic impacts of disasters have recently been augmented to include resilience. However, most research has incorporated only a limited set of resilience tactics and has not estimated their individual loss reduction effect. We present a comprehensive framework for estimating the relative effects of a broad set of post-disaster resilience tactics. Our methodological innovation is illustrated by adapting the TERM multi-regional CGE model for a seaport disruption, distinguishing inherent resilience working through the price system from adaptive resilience and other inherent tactics to cope with input shortages. We also overcome a path-dependency problem in the modelling process.     

Enhanced heat transfer in rectangular duct with punched winglets

Thermal performance of a heat exchanger duct with punched winglets(PWs) mounted on the upper duct wall has been examined for Reynolds number(Re) ranging from 4100 to 25,500. In the present experiment, two types of PWs: punched delta-and elliptical-winglets(P-DW and P-EW) with four punched-hole sizes were tested at a fixed attack angle, optimal relative pitch and height. Also, data of solid delta-and elliptical-winglets(DW and EW) were included for comparison. The investigation has shown that the P-DW yields higher thermal-performance enhancement factor(η) than the P-EW. Although the solid DW and EW with no punch have the highest heat transfer and friction loss, the PWs yield better η than the solid ones. For PWs, the P-DW with smaller hole size has the peak heat transfer and friction loss around 5.7 and 40 times over the smooth duct, respectively but the optimum η of 2.17 is seen for the one with a certain hole size. The PWs provide η at about 5%–8% above the solid winglets.